What does Katznelson mean by white affirmative action How do U.S Essay - 1

What does Katznelson mean by white affirmative action How do U.S. government policies effect non-white Americans - Essay Example Katznelson points out that African Americans were legally excluded from government programs such as; unemployment insurance, social security, grants, assistance of elderly and poor. The blacks were segregated through; theological justification, harsh enforcement, economic compulsions, political institutions, social conventions, and racist ideas (Katznelson 5). The age of whiteness was marked by restricting Black Americans from crossing the set social boundaries, and this was implemented by the police state that had the authority. In addition, the author mentions that; although, Europeans and African Americas fought alongside each other at the Second World War, some eastern and southern Europeans, through the white affirmative action, got full rights at the expense of African Americans. This paper discusses the meaning of â€Å"white affirmative action† from Katznelson’s point of view, and address how U.S. government policies affect non-white Americans. When Katznelson talks of â€Å"white affirmative action†, he refers to the way in which various government programs, which were constituted in the 1930s and 1940s segregated the blacks. The authority of white affirmative action was prescribed in the constitution, society, and peoples’ minds. In his context, when the government programs segregated the blacks, they worked on the opposite direction and favored the whites. Therefore, the government programs became affirmative actions for the white race. White affirmative action was seen when the government used; the Fair Labor Standards Act (1938) and National Labor Relations Act (1935) to formulate worker reform, which would result in getting rid of domestic, as well as, agricultural labor (Katznelson 62). In this manner, Black Americans became segregated in that they could not find employment. The white affirmative action within the U.S. government was propelled by

The meaning of democratic, socialist, and secular in India Essay

The meaning of democratic, socialist, and secular in India - Essay Example This paper will delve into the different interpretations of democracy, socialism and secularism in light of each and every founding father of India in this particular context. The Indian society has been for a long time, traditionally plagued by the evil of creed based prejudices and the caste system. Stratification on the orientation of castes has hindered all the possible chances of Indian national unification from the early days. This situation was worsened by the presence of man varied religious groups within India, who were not willing to compromise on whatever grounds to reach a consensus of commonality. The tradition of self-styled and rhetoric religions fuelled divisions among the Indian people. It was a great pain for Mahatma Gandhi to see people stick to the age old tradition of religious intolerance, when it was needed most. It was disturbing for him because it was virtually impossible to organize any nationwide movement against the British oppressors (Collins, Larry, and Lapierre 64). Secularism for Gandhi was an unconditional necessity to bring any form of an all-encompassing political government and leadership. Gandhi personally preached his ideas of secularism and the religious forbearance across the breadth and length of India. However, preaching was not an easy job for him. Gandhi was up against the British, who has implemented the divide and rule policy in India, which saw the declaration of separate elections for different religions and communities in India. The declaration in the Government Act of India Act in 1935 hurt Gandhi so much, and he fought to his death for the uniting of the warring communal factions (Gudavarthy 88). Gandhi’s vision of a secular state is one where religious values are respected in all spheres of life, the public as well as private, but in which no solitary religion is permitted to dominate the

Model Driven Development Vs Test Driven Development Computer Science Essay

Model Driven Development Vs Test Driven Development Computer Science Essay Model driven development is a top-down, traditional approach that has been around for a long time. Test Driven Development (TDD) is a bottom-up, new approach in the sense that it has picked up its value in the recent years. The focus of MDD as the name implies is on the models rather than on code that guides the development of software whereas focus of TDD is on the tests. There have been several changes to MDD since the beginning to deal with the changing environment and complexities raised by projects. TDD started as a part of extreme programming (XP) methodology and has gained popularity among many developers as a separate practice itself. Traditional, hard cored MDD developers are accustomed to developing software that seems more natural to them considering it to be an Engineering approach. TDD developers approach the problem in a totally different perspective concentrating on customer views of the system. There are advantages and disadvantages to both approaches. For a high qual ity software product that meets the goals of the organization, it is important to understand and apply the most suitable methodology while making certain trade-offs if necessary. The best approach to follow depends on several factors including the type of organization, type of project, and experience the developers have. This paper is aimed at explaining Model driven and Test Driven development along with case study and observations. 1. Model Driven Development or MDD. Model can be precisely defined as â€Å"a description of a system from a particular perspective, omitting irrelevant detail so that the characteristics of interest are seen more clearly†. (Source: Patterns: Model-Driven Development Using IBM Rational Software Architect) Consider an example in which there is a pressing business need such as automation of certain processes and understanding the data collected in the business. In this situation a Business exists and there are people who are performing certain business activities in certain way. These are the people who are thinking of having a tool or a software product to help them increase their productivity and their functionality. These people who are called Domain Experts or Subject Matter experts or Business Experts know what they want. However, they currently do not have any software product that will help them to meet their needs. In this situation Domain Experts are the driving force. They do things in a certain way and expect the software product developed for them meet their needs should also do things in that manner. However, they do not know how a new software product will look like and how it will help them to meet their needs. People who develop this software product understand the needs , but they may miss the intricacies of the desired end product. Building a MODEL will help alleviate this situation. A MODEL can be a diagram, an animation or a presentation. If the Software that has to be developed is very small or involves 1 or 2 people, then the process need not be so much structured, even though it helps. However, while developing a large product which will involve tens or hundreds of people having different expertise, model will help them to accomplish this easily. A new product development building a Model is absolutely necessary. This is analogous to a civil Engineer creating a model of Building before it is actually built. Model Driven Development (MDD) is a methodology that focuses on designing models at an abstract level without considering the implementation details that guide the development process, focusing on one part of the system to manage complexity. Models help to analyze the problem and visualize the process. Most commonly used language for this purpose is Unified Modeling Language (UML). It establishes certain vocabulary and structure so as to understand and communicate between various developers. Artifacts are produced from the models, so the models are machine-readable, which is an important aspect of MDD. MDD is also called as â€Å"Model Driven Engineering†. An implementation of MDD is given by Object Management Group (OMG)s Model Driven Architecture (MDA). Focus of MDA is on forward engineering, i.e. creating code from modeling diagrams. Apart from MDA, there are also other views of MDD such as Domain Oriented Programming, Agile Model Driven Development, etc. MDA uses platform-independent model (PIM) to describe the system functionality as the first step. Platform Independent Model (PIM) is a generic way of representing the end view of the product without considering any technology or platforms going to be used. This model just transforms the Business requirements into a Model. This format does not contain any particular software code but shows the end state of the product in one of the Model development modes such as Diagrams, Flow Charts, and Animations etc. Based on the PIM and considering some economic conditions or availability, a proper platform is selected to develop the software. A model is then converted from PIM to platform specific model or PSM. . This contains software code at a higher level. Platform is a loose word in this context. This can be referred to type of hardware, software, operating system, programming language or combination of any of these put together. That is why choosing a platform is related to economic viability also. PSM can be thought of Developers model where as PIM can be thought of Domain Experts or End users model. UML representation using IBMs Rational Rose can be considered as PIM. Whereas, tools like IBM WebSphere Studio and Borland Together/J are used for developing PSM. In these, we have CODE VIEW and MODEL VIEW. These two views are synchronized together. When code is changed in Code View, it is reflected in the Model View and vice versa. The models may contain fixed and variable data, business requirements, presentation elements (forms, reports). If one of these elements changes, they can be incorporated into the model to see the changes that occur due to interdependencies. Based on the affects, all the other depending code can be changed accordingly to accommodate these changes. Models also describe what is called the Gap Analysis. Models are first built with an Ideal situation, but in reality the business processes and other aspects may be different. Therefore, the models will show the difference between the Real Life situation and the End State Ideal situations. This will help the Business units to define the changes in Business Practices or the Developers to meet the Business needs and bridge the gap. A well defined Structured System Analysis and Design (SSAD) is required to develop software based on Models. In this process, the design (Model) is taken as the basis to start with the development and as the development process is advanced, it is analyzed with the design and tested against the Model and re-visited to meet the requirements. Hence, software development using MDD approach requires Domain (Business) experts, software developers, Team leaders and Integration experts. Someone should also be able to play a Liaison role to understand both sides of the table Business side and Software side. This person will help each of the expert groups to understand the needs of other groups and will bridge the gap. Number of iterations in the project development process will be reduced drastically if this Liaison person has good knowledge and is an expert on both sides. MDD is used with many development processes such as waterfall model, iterative model, spiral model, etc. In MDD approach, a model plays an important role and forms the basis or driving mechanism to develop a software product. Test Driven Development: Test Driven Development (TDD) started its roots in Extreme Programming (XP) approach. Later on, it became a popular method by itself. TDD was originally called â€Å"Test First Programming†. TDD can best be described in three words as â€Å"Red-Green-Refactor† (source: Kent Beck). Simple essence of TDD is to write tests before the code is written. First, unit tests are written from the requirements. These tests will definitely fail because the code for it has not been written. In order to write the tests, it is necessary for the developer to understand the requirements well. Then, code that implements the test cases is written. The code that is written should be just enough so that the tests pass, no more, no less. This means that no prediction about the future story must be made. Test driven approach is â€Å"then there† approach. This means that code is written at that time from the user story requirements without making any assumptions or predictions about fu ture. After writing the code, the tests are run and seen if they succeed. If they do, then programmer can be assured that the requirements were met. After this, a process called refactoring is done. This refers to improving the quality of code and removing any duplication in the code. If the design is changed for the better, the developer can be sure he is not breaking any functionality by running the tests again. This process is repeated for the test cases that follow. This process is shown as a flowchart below: Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Test-driven_development There are different issues to consider in this process. Test cases are written taking small steps at a time, such as implementation of one method. It is important to know the size of the test case and when the test case exceeds its limit of functionality to test. A test case contains the following: condition that specifies the systems state, an event that is to be tested, and finally systems state after the event has occurred. Almost every language has associated tools for writing these tests. In general, they are XUnit tests available for each language. For example, java has JUnit, C++ has cppUnit, .Net has NUnit, etc. The amount of designing that has to be done in TDD depends on developer. In Extreme Programming, no designing is done, directly jumping to test cases. However, some developers prefer to spend some time on design. Too much time should not be spent on the designs and deciding on that right amount of time to spend on it comes with experience. As suggested by Dave Chaplin, it takes almost a year for a good developer to learn most of the techniques in TDD. He divides the learning process in three stages. First stage would take three months to master writing the tests correctly. TDD is a totally different approach to take in developing software and most developers believe that hardest part about it is getting used to it and thinking in that direction. It takes another six months to learn about Mock objects. Last would be to be able to draw UML diagrams in a TDD perspective. This takes about three months. Those that become familiar with TDD find many advantages in it. These advantages are explained later in the paper. Pair programming is considered one of the best ways to develop a program using TDD. This is because another person can make sure you are going in right path. It is hard to make developers believe that this approach works. Also, management believes that it is a waste of money to make two people work on one feature while they can work on different features. Through test driven development, the focus is on customers requirements. TDD is now part of many other methodologies, such as Scrum, Agile Unified Process (AUP), and Rational Unified Process (AUP). TDD gives confidence to the developer and produces enthusiasm as they can see parts of the program coming together when they run the tests and see them pass. Case Study: Results of TDD and MDD are seen more effective by example. Therefore, I consider a case in which a Software Engineering class was given a choice of either doing MDD or TDD project. The projects were done for the same problem using different approaches. It was a calendar program that consisted of certain functionalities to fulfill. For TDD people, six user stories were given one after another without knowing what the next user story is. MDD people were given a problem definition and they were to submit GUI, design, code, tests at regular intervals. The functionalities that had to be implemented included finding the following: next date, previous date, zodiac sign, day of the week, next Friday the 13th, number of shopping days left until Christmas. These were each given as a user stories to TDD people. From the results of these, the following statistics were made: Model Driven Development approach results Criteria MDD User 1 User 2 User 3 User 4 User 5 User 6 Time To Code (hrs) 8 52 89 8.67 11 17 Time to Test (hrs) 2 15 13 3 3.3 2 NCSS (non comment source statements) 275 600 692 499 280 Number of Test Cases 109 142 51 Technology Used VBA Java Java (using Eclipse) C#.NET VS2008 C# VS Express C# Decision Complexity 79 59 Referential Complexity 26 52 Cyclomatic Complexity 105 111 83 GUI yes yes yes yes yes yes Test Driven Development approach results Criteria TDD User 7 User 8 User 9 User 10 User 11 User 12 User 13 User 14 User 15 User 16 User 17 User 18 Time to code 16.5 22 17 33 28 13.5 33 19.5 33 15 28 12.75 NCSS(non comment source Statements) 349 397 276 654 240 233 1095 279 196 298 328 277 Test cases 150 84 124 70 107 247 112 88 262 56 889 128 Technology C#.NET VS2008 Java Java Java VB.Net Express C VB .Net VBA Java Java VB.NET Java Decisional Complexity 106 66 76 76 97 115 62 57 77 145 81 Referential Complexity 12 43 40 24 24 34 19 102 9 160 29 Cyclomatic Complexity 118 109 117 100 65 121 149 81 159 86 115 110 GUI no no no no yes no no no no no No no Number of Times Refactored none 1 2 none 5 none 5 4 6 1 1 3 Observations: Even though there were almost twice as many people who did TDD as MDD, certain trends can be seen from the statistics. Since majority of the projects were developed using object oriented technology such as Java and C#, most of the observations are made based on these languages only. First and major difference that can be seen is creation of GUI. Only 1 out of 12 TDD people developed GUI while all of the six people who did through MDD developed it. One of the reasons for this is that in MDD, designing of GUI was first part of the task. In TDD, although there are tools that test a user interface, it is hard to obtain them and so user has to manually test them. Since it wasnt part of the requirement also, many had chosen to omit it. I noticed that neatest and well designed code came from most of MDD people. Even though there is refactoring in TDD, many had chosen not to do it. This can be seen by the statistics that 6 out of 12 people have either not done refactoring at all or did it only once. As research suggests, TDD is supposed to lead to high quality code. However, most of TDD projects code was of less quality. This comes to the point that in order to successfully carry out TDD, experience is needed. The lack of experience that most people had in doing a TDD might have been a factor for such quality. Many of TDD people had no experience in TDD methodology including me. As suggested by Dave Chaplin, in order to carry out TDD effectively, minimum one year of learning the techniques involved in the approach is needed for a good developer. Even though the quality and design is neater in MDD, number of lines of code was much less in TDD than MDD projects. In object oriented languages such as Java and C#, MDD projects had lines of code as 518 on an average while TDD projects had 350. This is partly due to refactoring eliminating unnecessary conditions and mostly due to the reason that since code was developed based on test cases, just about enough code that was necessary was written. Since the whole point of TDD is to start out with test cases, TDD projects have more test cases compared to MDD projects. For object oriented languages, TDD tests were 124 on average while MDD was 100. Although theory says that TDD results in highly cohesive and loosely coupled, but in practice, it is seldom like that. This point can be seen in this study. Most of the MDD projects were more cohesive and loosely coupled resulting in more reusable code compared to TDD. In TDD projects, it was seen that most of them had 2 or 3 classes at a maximum reducing cohesive nature and reusability. I observed that this is due to unpredictability of future user stories. MDD people can carefully plan the code such that it results in certain functions that can be used by other functions. In object oriented languages, correct amount of responsibilities and collaboration among objects in my opinion can be done more effectively if more designing is done. This is because it is much easier to see visually through the models. The reusability of the code in TDD also depends on the order of the user stories given. Most people reused day of the week code in shopping days till Christmas user story or Friday the 13th user story. Suppose that the user stories are given in a different order, then different approaches might be taken that might not result in the efficient piece of code. Refactoring tells you to remove duplications and keep the code clean, but the logic of the code will not change. In our case, if suppose number of shopping days left before Christmas was given before day of the week user story, then different approach might have been taken and the reusability of the day of the week code wouldnt have existed. It is easier to see collaborations and responsibilities of objects when the whole picture of the problem is present. Even the small amount of reusability that existed in TDD was due to the logical order in which the user stories were given. The time spent on the whole project for TDD is much less than MDD. Considering object oriented languages, TDD average time spent was 21 hours while MDD was 42 hours (almost double!!). TDD is proven to be faster and easier technique than MDD. In TDD, concentration is on current user story and it is faster to write test cases and code directly from user requirements. The time spent on test cases is paid off since no debugging has to be done at the end. Time and effort can be distributed and planned in advance in MDD. However, in TDD, since the amount of time and effort for the next user stories is hard to predict, it is difficult to plan. Some user stories take less amount of time while others consume lot of time. This can be seen in the case study. Most people said that finding zodiac sign took very less time and effort compared to finding the number of shopping days till Christmas . Pros and Cons of Using MDD approach From research and experience, these are some of the observations that were made on the MDD approach in general. A model in projects has following advantages It helps to break down the project into smaller code development pieces or modules which can be assigned to different teams. It helps each team to understand their role and how their part of the development is integrated into the whole product development The project managers and team leaders will understand on how to integrate all the modules and do testing. The end user will be able to visualize the integrated end product. If enough of time is spent in building a model properly, even though it takes time and effort, it will greatly reduce the time to build the product. A properly built model will also help in reducing the iterations of testing process, thus creating the integrations much quicker. There is also an economic advantage of building the models. A model will help to present a product to the investors easily and attract investments to fund the projects. Some disadvantages of using MDD approach The disadvantages of using MDD approach are not related to the approach itself, but rather it is related to the application of this approach. If MDD is not used properly, there will be extended delays in the product developments. Some of these possible setbacks are Building a Model will take lot of time and resources. MDD is not always â€Å"fit for all approach†. The project and product has to be analyzed before this approach is taken. Some people visualize a Model as an abstraction layer hiding all the complications of the product development process. Too much of abstraction may be good to certain audience in the project, but it over all defeats the purpose of building a model in the first place. So, care should be taken as not to ABSTRACT too much. If proper resources, such as, proper Domain experts are not involved while building a model, then the model as well as end product will be disastrous failure. MDD should not always be thought of the end point. Always underlying approach for each module should be associated with proper testing. Failure to consider the real life situations also causes the MDD unusable. The key to the whole process of Product development using MDD approach is having a proper liaison between Business group and IT group. Pros and Cons of Using TDD approach Some of the advantages of using TDD are: Since test cases are developed first, developer understands the requirements thoroughly in order to write them. The focus is on the functionality perspective of the client. TDD involves taking small steps at a time and focusing on one task at a time. Even though it consumes lot of time to write many unit test cases covering all possibilities, this makes it an advantage as it avoids debugging at later stages in the project. Finding bugs as early as possible is always beneficiary in terms of time and cost. Fixing bugs at a later stage is difficult because it is hard to determine what caused the bug. Since just enough code to pass the test is written, TDD will result in thorough testing covering all possible paths. If tests are written well, then it will produce stable code. Code is developed faster and there is working piece of code at every level, which inspires confidence and encourages the developer. Developer is aware of the progress made and can set goals to achieve a particular goal. TDD results in good design because of many factors. With experience, TDD can be a very effective method as it lets the developer think in small units of code leading to modularity and good design. This is also the result of looking at the problem from customers perspective to understand how it will be implemented. Refactoring also leads to producing good designs. Mocking and faking is beneficial in the sense that it will define the boundaries of the classes. This is because through mocking, you will find out what your classes should and should not know about the other class. This is the basic essence of encapsulation in any object oriented language. The test cases provide support for faster regression testing. On next iteration or anytime in future, when you add more tests, you can run all the tests to make sure that it works and if it doesnt, it is easy to see what part of the code broke. Some disadvantages with TDD approach are: TDD requires commitment and supporting management. Developers should be committed and write proper tests. If the tests are deleted or changed accidentally or purposefully, it will give false impression that the code is bugs-free. Support from management is important and they have to believe that this methodology works. If either of them does not exist, then TDD approach fails. Functional tests need to be done for programs that use a database or for creating user interfaces. For such things, using TDD approach is difficult. Tests and code are written by the same person most of the time and if the developer overlooks certain things, then it will affect the code as well and may not result in what is supposed to happen. If he interprets the requirements wrong, then the tests he writes and the code that implements them will turn out to be wrong and will lead to code that will not be as efficient as it should be. Another example would be if the developer doesnt check for certain specific inputs, then the code that needs to implement that will never be implemented. Having large number of working unit tests may build up over confidence that will lead to less concentrations on additional activities such as quality assurance evaluations. Unit tests only tell if the piece of code you wrote works. Other tests such as domain testing, integration testing, etc have to be done. Amount of coverage and details of testing that is done in TDD development cannot be reproduced at a later stage. So, these tests become an important aspect and it is necessary that they are well-written. There is no way to predict the type of user stories and it is not possible to gain a complete understanding of the system from the user stories. This leads to extensive code rewriting and refactoring. WHEN to use WHAT? This leads to the question of when is it appropriate to use TDD and when is it appropriate to use MDD. Software development is a process of developing a product to meet a certain business need. In a well defined environment and in large houses Software Development is done using the techniques described in Software Engineering and experience gained over the years. Many factors have to be taken into consideration when deciding on the methodology to use. These include things such as type of organization, management, type of project, experience of the developers, and availability of effective tools. Type of Project: Software development is done under two major circumstances 1. To develop altogether a new product a. A product that never existed before, but there is a need in the minds of people. A great example of this in recent years is ‘Youtube. There was no such product before, however, people had thought about having some kind of sharing videos. So, there is direc

Education :: essays research papers

From the ancient years many people tried to infect their knowledge to others. It was not difficult even for an inferior civilization to understand that the education was absolutely necessary, so the capitulary of education is ancient. Education is one of the most important tools that a society possesses. The right implementation of this tool is one of the greatest ways of assuring the quality of life within a society. The ability to better ourselves, is one of the strongest abilities of the human race. Without the consistent development of the human race, life would be nothing more than survival. At its most basic level of definition, education is nothing more than the teaching of ideas. The early stages of schooling instil more attitude and social skills than knowledge. The younger stages of a person's life are usually the most definable years of their lives. For this reason many rudimentary skills are taught. As the age and skill level of the student increases, more education is based upon the interest of the student. For society to progress and excel every generation must learn just a little more. Education has its downfalls. Students are only taught what society sees fit to teach them. If a society doesn't want students to learn about a certain period of history, then it is not taught. Education is a tool to succeed in life. The quality of education that a student receives depends upon many issues. One of the biggest differences in education is between public and private schools. In a society that values money, such as ours, the rich are given a better background in education than most people. For the general public, students are taught the same material, and excel at different rates than other students. The people that don't grasp the material usually fall behind and become the working class within our society. Those that excel become the backbone of our society, fuelling our economy and developing ideas within our world. The difference in education is not only is not only the skill that is provided, but also the attitude. Every person is different, and some people lack the ability to work in a technical field. Everyone has a place in society, and some people will work hard physically all of their lives.

Audience and Reception Essay

According to Communicating in the Workplace, by Thomas Cheesebro, Linda O’Connor, and Francisco Rios, no matter what type of informative speech or letter you have the opportunity to present, a key step in your preparation process is analyzing your audience. Consequently, you will need to spend some time finding out about your audience. To begin this process, you will want to determine the demographic composition of your listeners. Demographic characteristics are observable or measurable. They include factors such as age, race, ethnicity, gender, socioeconomic status, and so on. (Pearson Education, 2010) Assertiveness is the tone you should use when presenting a letter to management. â€Å"Assertiveness is stating what you think, feel, want, or need in a way that is direct, honest, and respectful of others. Specific purposes identify the desired audience response at the conclusion of your speech.†(Communication in the workplace, 2012) In other words, what do you want your listeners to know, think,or do after they have heard your presentation? Although you do not actually state the specific purpose in the context of your speech, you use this statement to give direction to the development and organization of your information. According to Communicating in the Workplace, by Thomas Cheesebro, Linda O’Connor, and Francisco Rios, to be effective, a specific purpose statement should meet the following guidelines: It should be a complete sentence, It should contain only one key idea. And It should be stated in measurable terms. â€Å"Think of the central idea as the core or foundation of your presentation. A central idea states, in a single sentence, the essence of the speech. It needs to be clear, concise, and focused for the audience. So important is this central idea that the effectiveness of the entire presentation is largely dependent upon it. It tells the audience what the speech is all about and prepares your listeners for the information that is to come.†(Pearson Education, 2010) In summary, â€Å"keep in mind that developing the skills are required to deliver effective presentations can increase your confidence and success both personally and professionally. The process of analyzing your audience, selecting a topic, determining your specific purpose, and formulating your central idea will enable you to achieve a truly memorable presentation.†(Communication in the workplace, 2012) Not doing so can really hurt your presentation, and your credibility.

Research Paper on English

As a consequence of the rapid globalization, the knowledge in communication is a need to survive in today’s life. We are required to have the skills in exchanging ideas with Different people, for we are now habituated to speaking to people from various places worldwide. English is the universal language, and the use of it enables us to communicate easily to other people. In school, there is an English subject in our curriculum. The idea of the need of learning this has been the factor that this research is made.Grammar is the foundation of all language. It is why our words produce ideas. And every word shall be properly organized to construct the intended thought. Through this study, the researcher will discuss the dynamics of the right grammar, the tenses to be used, and the subject-verb agreement strictly to be followed. This research will also facilitate future researchers on their further study about the same topic. Statement of the problem 1. What is English grammar? -The term â€Å"English grammar,† therefore, may have several meanings.It may refer to the whole of English grammar—that is, to the grammars of all the speakers of the language, which means including a great deal of variation. Alternatively, it may refer only to what is common to the grammars of all, or of the vast majority of, English speakers (such as subject-verb-object word order in simple declarative sentences). Or it may refer to the rules of a particular, relatively well defined variety of English (such as Standard English). â€Å"An English grammar† is a specific description, study or analysis of such rules.A reference book describing the grammar of a language is called a â€Å"reference grammar† or simply â€Å"a grammar†. A fully explicit grammar exhaustively describing the grammatical constructions of a language is called a descriptive grammar. Linguistic description contrasts with linguistic prescription, which tries to enforce rules of how a language is to be used. 2. What is tense? Tense is a grammatical category that locates a situation in time that indicates when the situation takes place.In languages which have tense, it is usually indicated by a verb or modal, often combined with categories such as aspect, mood, and voice. 3. Importance of the study This topic aims to develop the communicative competence of the students in English, so that they can use the language in day to day interaction and more opportunity in academic situation. Limitations of the study This study limits only to the English language and its common rules, Thus, this research will only provide rules, examples, and tips in our English grammar.Definition of terms Grammar- is the set of structural rules that govern the composition of sentences, phrases, and words in any given natural language. The term refers also to the study of such rules, and this field includes morphology, syntax, and phonology, often complemented by phonetics, semantics, an d pragmatics. Linguists do not normally use the term to refer to orthographical rules, although usage books and style guides that call themselves grammars may also refer to spelling and punctuation. Tense- is a grammatical category that locates a ituation in time that indicates when the situation takes place. In languages which have tense, it is usually indicated by a verb or modal, often combined with categories such as aspect, mood, and voice. Subject-Verb agreement- The basic grammar rule in English is, of course, the subject-verb agreement rule. It prescribes that the operative verb of a sentence should always agree with its subject in number. This means that a subject that’s singular in number should take a verb in the singular form, and that a subject that’s plural in number should take a verb in the plural form.

Life after Death - notes Essays - Philosophy Of Mind, Ontology

Life after Death - notes Essays - Philosophy Of Mind, Ontology Life after Death - notes Pascal's Wager is the idea that, if you don't know whether there is an afterlife. Dualists There are two aspects to human beings, a physical body and a non-physical soul They tend to believe in life after death Monists/materialists The monist view states that we are physical bodies only. Once we die, that's it. Emotions are simply psycho-chemical reactions and nothing more. The Problem Whether the mind and body are one of the same nature (monistic view) or whether they have two natures (dualistic view). What therefore happens when we die? Dualism This is the notion that humans have composite natures (the material part is the physical body and the non-material part is the mind/soul). The mind and body both exist though and are linked in some way. Plato Although Platos beliefs have changed over time, his general belief about the soul is that it is immaterial, and the real me. It is pre-existent and immortal. We come back in our next life as something better or worse depending on how we were during our previous life, until we fulfil our potential and enter a type of heaven. Descartes Our body is spatial but not conscious, while the mind is not spatial but is conscious. Even though this mind and body were separate, they interact within the brain. The state of the body will affect the mind and vice versa. When people die their body is left behind although their soul is able to continue with God. We are simply survival machines, Dawkins says, and we exist only to pass on our genes: "There is no spirit-driven life force" He states that belief in the soul/life after death is just wish fulfilment for those who fear death. There are problems with dualism though: How do souls and bodies interact if they are completely separate things? Gilbert Ryle dismissed dualism as a theory about a ghost [mind] in a machine [body]. He felt that this separation of the mind and body was a category mistake. Use the example of *Cambridge University and asking where is the university. Materialism/Monism/Behaviourism This is the view that the mind cannot be separated from the body Aristotle We are made up of two things a body (matter) and a soul or psyche (the form), and (unlike Plato) the soul is an integral part of the body. You cant have one without the other (e.g. a cake cannot be a cake without its ingredients or form). The soul animates the body, by organising a potential living body into an actual living body. Aquinas took on these ideas. Gilbert Ryle Rejects the idea of the soul. All mental events are physical events interpreted in a mental way. But what if for example we were wishing? This is not a physical event. He believes that an individual is a physical living body and no more, and so when the body dies thats it, the whole person is dead. Dawkins Biological materialist. Doesnt believe in a soul. He believed that life is simply physical matter made up of DNA. We are the survival machines for this DNA as we are simply gene machines driven by our genes to protect and duplicate themselves. He takes a reductionist approach believing that the mind is nothing but a computer made of meat. Evolution filters in the good genes and filters out the bad. Does believe in consciousness though (as more important that DNA). Once the DNA has developed the brain, it can begin to think for itself as an individual and consider the consequences of its own actions. Is this simply what others call a soul though? And although Dawkins believes that everything points away from a creator, as Peter Williams pointed out, where did this information/DNA originally come from. Was there no mind behind this? Hick He is also a materialist although, unlike Dawkins, he believes in a life after death as well as God. Hicks Replica Theory believes that the soul cannot be separated from the body, and at the point of death on earth, God creates an exact replica of that person in another space. They would look the same and have the same memories. This theory is very vague though. A Mixture between Monism and Dualism Aquinas He modified Aristotles thinking. Believed that the soul is the form of the body and therefore the body needs the soul to

Meaning of History

Meaning of History Abstract Different approaches to the meaning of history exist. Communities and historical analysts have different opinions based on religion, beliefs and timeline. There are different explanations and considerations of the history that are illustrated through different means. The main idea of the paper is to consider different points of view and various attitudes to the history meaning.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Meaning of History specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Greek Approach Greek approach is one of the perspectives of the history. Many issues were addressed under this approach. Under the history, a logography tries to explain the emergence of towns, people and other places. This is one of the approaches which creates much disagreement. Hecataeus of Miletus is one of the representatives of this approach. Being a Greek historian, the information his works contain is full of contradictions (Breisach, 2007, p. 29). This approach to the meaning of history derives different perspectives upon the reader with various issues requiring deep consideration for better understanding. Greek historiography tries to explain the existence of men and places based on cultural background. Much attention is paid to traditions and culture in general. The era of poleis and its historians is illustrated under the Greek historiography, however, neither Greek historians nor philosophers considered the meaning of the word ‘historical’ in the way it is perceived now (Breisach, 2007, p. 30). Roman Approach There is also a Roman historiography which explains how Roman entities were formed. The historiography starts at the formation of Rome and derives most of its ideologies from the religious and other leaders (Fordham University, 1998). Roman history was reportedly written at the time of Gracchi, when the writers of history books produced the best information about the period. Roman history is written by the individuals who were less concerned about the facts they dwelt upon. Their description of the history is written on the basis of their own understanding of the events that took place in Rome. This led to the formation of monographs that had comprehensive writings about specific issues. The combinations of monographs led to realization of the current Roman history (Breisach, 2007, p. 41). There was much propaganda within the Roman history as the historians focused on convincing their readers in the authenticity of the information. The facts in the Roman history are stated in such a way that the meanings are elaborated for easier understanding. The individuals who contributed a great deal to the formation of Rome are also described in the reports. Therefore, Roman historiography is the combination of authenticity and propaganda (Breisach, 2007, p. 43).Advertising Looking for essay on history? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Religion The other meaning of history is derived by Christians. Christians have another interpretation and evaluation of the existence of a man and the places. According to the Christians, a supreme being helped to form the universe that caused the existence of human beings. The Christians focus more on extraterrestrial beings and powers to have contributed in the formation of the world. These assertions help in explaining how the Earth and its inhabitants were founded, how they came to settle in certain regions and the development of various locations. Many nationalities are omitted through Christian historiography, and instead there is a major emphasis on specific cultures and communities (Breisach, 2007, p. 122). The biased nature of this historiography is similar to that demonstrated by Greeks and Romans that derive most of their meanings on a single community. Science Science is another approach to understanding the meaning of history. Under science, there is an e xpanded definition and explanation of the universe creation and development. Most of the explanations are derived from proof and detailed understanding of the events. The main idea of the scientific meaning of history is to argue the existence of the objects and the occurrence of different events by means of introducing the facts considered as firm proofs. The explanations are developed on the basis of the strong facts which cannot be contradicted, on the evidence, which cannot be objected (Rosenzweig, Thelen, 1998, p. 40). Rather than focusing on the past events, the scientific approach uses present facts and proofs to explain the problem under discussion. This approach makes it easier for the readers to understand the definitions and explanations based on the facts illustrated in the texts. Through these identities and other definitions, it becomes easier to understand the concepts and issues that took place during each era. Scientific definitions of history make use of various f acts that the reader is expected to align with. This makes it possible to identify and relate to certain issues that currently exist in this world.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Meaning of History specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Philosophical Approachv Philosophers and contemporary historians have focused greatly on explaining the existence of humanity and other aspects in the world (Fordham University, 1998). According to philosophers, different explanations are created forming a concrete clarification of the existence of life and human beings. Critically evaluating the modern situation, the philosophers developed various meanings to different issues in the world. Local and historical texts are included in the philosophical definitions as it helps in the forming different opinions to the existence of life and places (Berdyaev, 2006, p. 186). All the approaches are based on either leading assumptions or concreted facts. It helps in generating a convincing chain of facts into the issues addressed. The connection between the past and the present helps in explaining the existence of places and life. A great deal of approaches to the meaning of history helps me conclude that the absence of the only consideration is caused by many disagreements and too numerous opinions. References Berdyaev, N. (2006). The Meaning of History. New Brunswick, NJ: Transaction Books. Breisach, E. (2007). Historiography: Ancient, Medieval, and Modern (3rd ed.). Chicago: University of Chicago Press. Fordham University. (1998). Internet Ancient History Sourcebook: Studying Ancient History. Retrieved from https://sourcebooks.fordham.edu/ancient/asbook01.asp#Using%20Primary%20Sources Rosenzweig, R. Thelen, D. (1998). The Presence of the Past: Popular Uses of History in American Life. New York, NY: Columbia University Press.Advertising Looking for essay on history? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More

Five reasons to ignore your grammar gremlins (for now) - Emphasis

Five reasons to ignore your grammar gremlins (for now) Five reasons to ignore your grammar gremlins (for now) Heres the good news: if you’re worried your documents are not as good as they could be, your grammar is probably not the problem. Dont get me wrong. Grammar matters. Of course it does. Getting it wrong can undermine your reputation (though probably not as much as you think – see below). Poor grammar can even completely change the meaning of a sentence. But focusing too much on it could actually be more damaging. Here are five reasons why you should get over your grammar hang-ups. 1. Poor punctuation matters more than grammar.  Colons and commas are vital sign-posts, so it’s important to put them in the right place. And a misplaced apostrophe (or, worse, a missing one) will make it look like you don’t care. On the other hand, I’d argue that no-one is going to get that worked up about whether you end a sentence with a preposition. 2. Grammar (and punctuation) issues usually indicate deeper problems. It’s probably not your imperfect understanding of a set of arcane grammar rules known only by master pedants that’s holding back your writing. It’s far more likely to be structural issues or focusing too much on your own aims rather than your readers’. In fact, worrying too much about your grammar can actually cause deeper problems. That’s because it seriously undermines your confidence, causing you to compensate with overly complex language or sentences. 3. Almost everyone struggles with it. Believe it or not, FTSE 100 directors and new graduates are often united in uncertainty over certain grammar points. Even experienced editors can spend a lifetime picking up the finer details. So waiting until you’ve perfected your grammar knowledge before you write anything is counter-productive – and futile. 4. Perfect grammar does not automatically mean perfect documents. Perfecting your knowledge of grammar will not automatically make you produce good documents, any more than memorising the workshop manual to your shiny new Ford or Volvo will make you a good driver. It’s perfectly possible to be technically perfect yet still produce an impenetrable tome stuffed with turgid professionalese. Focus on your readers’ needs, structure your document well and use the right level of language. Then you stand a very good chance of making a real impact – yes, even if you’ve misplaced a modifier or left a participle dangling helplessly. 5. It’s not too late to fill in the gaps. If English is your first language, you already know 95 per cent of the grammar you’ll ever need. (And if it’s not, take comfort from the fact that your knowledge of technical grammar rules is probably superior to that of most native English speakers, simply because we learn our first language through usage rather than studying grammar.) Native speakers beyond the age of four or five already know which common verbs are irregular. They’d never say, for example, ‘I digged a big hole in the sand’. They know that ‘dig’ becomes ‘dug’ in the past tense. They just don’t know that it’s called the past tense. (Nor, at that age, do they need to.) So the task of filling in the gaps is pretty straightforward. The odds are that the things you’re unsure about are the same ones that other people struggle with. (See point 3, above.) So, take heart. Focus first on what your reader needs to know, then tell them in as straightforward a way as possible. Then – and only then – look up any points of grammar you’re not sure about.

How instrumental are parents in the development of their children Essay

How instrumental are parents in the development of their children - Essay Example The extent to which this is the case, though, continues to be a source of vigorous contention as each side argues that the personality is shaped more by one influence than the other. While the argument that genetics plays a significant role in the development of a personality, it seems clear that the parents play a much greater role in establishing the tools and skills the child will need to function within their particular society. The idea that nurturing plays a more significant role in the development of a child is found in these children’s increased ability to function in society as adults thanks to what they learned from their parents’ actions. From birth, parents play a large role in the life of the child, teaching the child everything they will need to know to function within the society in which the parents find themselves. Through consistent close contact with the child, the parent is able to instill their own ideas, beliefs, practices and behaviors in the child while providing the child with the socialization skills he or she will need for interaction with others. As the first and most persistent contact, the relationship with the parent is thus the starting point from which all children enter the world. According to Jerome Kagan of Harvard University, â€Å"Parents who regularly talk and read to their children usually produce children with the largest vocabularies, the highest intellig ence scores, and the best academic grades †¦ Parents who reason with their children while making requests for obedience usually end up with more civil children† (101). The importance of this association is further highlighted in studies that have been conducted on young orphans who have undergone periods of neglect or privation as a result of their family tragedy. When these children were placed in nurturing homes, they were often able to overcome their early

Investment appraisal as a form of management control Essay

Investment appraisal as a form of management control - Essay Example This is then followed by the various investment methods in practice. The traditional and discounted cash flow methods are then discussed in detail. It is essential for the management to choose the appropriate investment appraisal technique to be followed and hence the next section focuses on the selection approach. This section throws light on the merits and demerits of the various investment appraisal techniques as well. In order to understand the importance of security projects (non-financially justifiable), a case study is then taken, where a security team makes a proposal to the management to invest on a security project. It is evident that, in the corporate world, the management takes decision based on financial benefits and hence the security team has to justify the investment. The case study uses two methods, NPV and IRR, to arrive at the benefits from the investment. Based on the results, one of these methods is finalized and presented to the management. In order to understand the need for investment appraisal to management control, it is essential to discuss about the various types of investments and the degree of impact they have on a company’s growth. Any growing company continuously invests on new projects to increase its net worth or value. There are various types of investments made by companies every year. These investments can be as large as setting up an entire unit or as small as buying stationery for the company. The management needs to ensure that all the investments made by the company are justified and are necessary for the business. This is very essential as these decisions directly affect the value of the company and in turn, the shareholders. Management generally classifies all investments into financially justifiable investments and non – financially justifiable investments (Weston and

Should China's neighbours be concerned that 21st century China will Essay

Should China's neighbours be concerned that 21st century China will revert to Middle Kingdom dominance over them based on Chin - Essay Example It is a country with a great vision and focus and while its neighbors term it as a small a nation, its upcoming dominance might shake the world. The world has been under the influence of the current super powers who reign on the basis of their world war two military prowess. Their dominance is based on past events and the mindset that other small countries are inferior in their cultures and forms of governance. But according Martin Jacques believe Europe and the United States will eventually watch as China rises to power while their dominance and influence declines (Martin, 2009, Pg. 99). China has set its eyes to greater achievements by mobilizing the entire nation to move as one family towards a common goal. With great development policies the economy of China has been on the record in the past decades for its significant growth. It employs different mechanisms that are very outstanding and free from Western influence. Though the Western countries still relate the country to its pa st failures in terms of lack of their style of democracy, poor standards of environment conservation and tribal affiliations, China has picked herself from its past inequities to a more transformed nation. But their attitudes have diverted the Western nations understanding of China in its real present terms. Most of these powerful countries don’t believe that China will economic growth would last at all. The history of its past regimes failing to sustain the country is their point of judging the current regime. But over the past thirty years they Chinas leaders have all a common objective of steering the country to greater economical heights (Wang, 2003, Pg.122). Political regimes in these years have without been the most successful in the history of china. Therefore China now boasts of the greatest achievements in the recent times. The diversity and racial distribution in this populous nation is quite big and more unified than any other powerful nation. China looks at itself as a civilized nation other than influenced nation state. There is a closely knit tie that makes the society and the state a due to their attachment in their worship of ancestral ways (Brodsgaard, 1998 Pg. 88). Their traditions, Chinese foods and their unifying language give every citizen a sense of belonging in this country. This cohesion has been its source of development force over the years. China strives to empower every citizen despite of their race, culture or even religious affiliation. The country’s identity has been modeled by its history as a civilized state in terms of their way of thinking, identity and culture. Other powerful countries on the contrary have based their national identity on the past eras. This is evident in their ways of leadership and governance systems which have at most times divided their citizens in terms of inferiority. Such governance experiences a lot of opposition from their citizens. The luck of a united stand of these superpowers will be the source of their downfall in the near future as China braces itself to take over the world (Martin, 2009, Pg. 120). The United States and Europe have never given China a thought of taking over the world since they rule under the mediocrity of past WWII ideologies. But to their surprise the economic and technological advance of China will be the start of their downfall. China has for years improved its ties with other countries through trade and continued mutual

Ethics Coursework Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words - 1

Ethics - Coursework Example This was in response to the killing of George Jackson in California’s San Quentin Prison. He was a black prisoner who was involved in prisoners’ activist movements. The riots involved taking hostage of 33 prison staff after the inmates had revolted and taken control of the prison. Though the prison authorities tried to negotiate, only twenty-eight requests of the prisoner’s were agreed upon but complete amnesty was not realized. Moreover, the authorities did not heed to the inmates demand to transfer of the prison superintendent. However, the prisoners were surpassed as the state police gained control. The rebellion resulted to thirty-nine death that included prisoners, civilian employees, and correctional officers. The Attica prison riots were caused by prisoners’ rebellion in regards to several prison conditions. The inmates claimed that the sleeping and living conditions had become unbearable; the prison wardens were cruel and insensitive to their welfares. Further, the riots stemmed from the abuse the prisoner faced in hands of the guards. Moreover, the cultural and social movements outside the prison compounds instigated the inmates to rebel. In addition, some prison neighborhood had encouraged collective militancy in other places of the states thus; it caused the prisoners to call or attention. Just like the 1970s prison conditions, most of the current prisons are still overcrowded. They lack basic facilities such as beds and sanitary equipments. In addition, literacy level within the modern prison setting is still very low. Several inmates are either functionally illiterate or illiterate. According to studies conducted on US prisons, approximately seven out of ten inmates were discovered to be

Goal Setting Framework Term Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Goal Setting Framework - Term Paper Example Due to the rising cost of distribution, Los Angeles Tribune will use any of the following strategies to achieve its set goal; distribute jointly with other producers to the consumers, use digital distribution channel, increase the number of middlemen companies to assist in distributing its products or create new subsidiaries in different cities and towns to reduce the distribution cost. Of all these strategies, the organization shall use digital distribution as one of the most appropriate strategies. Therefore, the organization will distribute most of its newspapers through online system. This tactic will ensure that customers subscribe for their newspapers for them to get access to the papers. Various activities need to be carried out in order to reduce the cost of distribution such as; proper education of the customers on how they will get the online papers without any constrain and advertising to the public to create awareness of the new move in the organization so that they are n ot surprised with the new organizations move (Barton, 2001). This is planned to reduce the cost of distribution by 10% in every month. This measure Barton of success will show the progress of the goal set to reduce the cost of distribution so that the profit realized may increase. The other goal is to increase circulation revenue. The Los Angeles Tribune is making strategies such as to increase the newspaper supply, increase the advertisement efforts or to reduce the prices to attract more customers. With the investigation, the organization has realized that the circulation revenue goes down due to an increase in the prices of its newspaper. Therefore, one of the tactics that the organization will use is to reduce the price of its papers so that it regains its market share in the next two months. This will be done through reducing other costs, which will result in a cut, in prices. As a measure of success, 5% price cut in

Should College Football Players be paid Research Paper

Should College Football Players be paid - Research Paper Example This unfair situation should be remedied by immediately establishing steps towards the payment of the football players. Unfortunately, there is strong opposition against such effort, primarily from the school administrators themselves. Nevertheless, it must be made clear that the payment of the players’ services is not just because they are making their schools famous. Even without monetary compensation, these players would certainly work hard to win championships because of their loyalty to the schools where they belong. Still, they deserve to be paid because the schools are actually earning from them also, not just for indirect promotions, but for actually taking part in a revenue-generating spectator sport. The NCAA, particularly its football tournaments, has become a big business, which is why the players should get what is due to them for their hard work. Should College Football Players be Paid? College football players contribute so much in promoting their respective sch ools. They certainly do not only make the colleges and universities in which they are enrolled in proud; they also encourage other prospective students to entertain studying it too. As a result, these athletes may well be considered as the schools’ instruments for increasing the number of enrollees per school year or semester. Since these academic institutions also function as businesses, earning income through tuition, increased enrollment naturally means more revenues to be collected. In a way, college football players should be provided with a percentage of the income they generated for the school. They should be paid not for making their school proud but for utilizing their skills in order to make it earn. The sentiment in favor of having college football players paid by the school is actually gaining support from different sectors already. This is particularly because the public is already very much aware that the NCAA is already a multi-million dollar business. A report from USA Today points out that the â€Å"NCAA averages better than half a billion dollars a year in revenue† and that does not include payouts from the 28 football bowls, which exceed $184 million and go to the conferences† (Whiteside 2004). This means that aside from the indirect financial advantages that schools can generate from enrollment, these could also profit from the premier collegiate tournament itself, especially because the games are often televised and just like the professional leagues, also earn from the TV endorsements. These millions of dollars definitely are not gained because of the member-schools of the NCAA doubled or tripled their respective enrollment rates. Instead these are generated because the student athletes trained hard in order to perform well in the games. Their diligence in the training programs in which they all underwent ultimately raised the level of quality of the games, particularly football. In fact, many observers would point out that many college football players already possess the skills commonly seen among the pros. Another argument why school administrators can certainly allocate funds for paying their respective football players is that some coaches in Division 1-A actually make more that $1 million dollars a year. In the Southeastern Conference or SEC, where the some of the country’s top college football teams are found, â€Å"

Goal Setting Framework Term Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Goal Setting Framework - Term Paper Example Due to the rising cost of distribution, Los Angeles Tribune will use any of the following strategies to achieve its set goal; distribute jointly with other producers to the consumers, use digital distribution channel, increase the number of middlemen companies to assist in distributing its products or create new subsidiaries in different cities and towns to reduce the distribution cost. Of all these strategies, the organization shall use digital distribution as one of the most appropriate strategies. Therefore, the organization will distribute most of its newspapers through online system. This tactic will ensure that customers subscribe for their newspapers for them to get access to the papers. Various activities need to be carried out in order to reduce the cost of distribution such as; proper education of the customers on how they will get the online papers without any constrain and advertising to the public to create awareness of the new move in the organization so that they are n ot surprised with the new organizations move (Barton, 2001). This is planned to reduce the cost of distribution by 10% in every month. This measure Barton of success will show the progress of the goal set to reduce the cost of distribution so that the profit realized may increase. The other goal is to increase circulation revenue. The Los Angeles Tribune is making strategies such as to increase the newspaper supply, increase the advertisement efforts or to reduce the prices to attract more customers. With the investigation, the organization has realized that the circulation revenue goes down due to an increase in the prices of its newspaper. Therefore, one of the tactics that the organization will use is to reduce the price of its papers so that it regains its market share in the next two months. This will be done through reducing other costs, which will result in a cut, in prices. As a measure of success, 5% price cut in

Management and Keller Essay Example for Free

Management and Keller Essay The centre of the case is a problem between tow management member, Wolfgang Keller (managing director) and Dimitri Brodsky (commercial director). Keller is superior of Dimitri and he he’s not satisfied with Dimitri’s performance since he joined the company two years ago. Keller now is considering three options: firing Brodsky, helping him to improve his performance or reorganizing the company around Brodsky by splitting marketing and sales. Wolfgang Keller is 34 years old. He studied at Harward and University of Cologne. His first job was at a Gemran food manufacturer firm. First, he was a strategic planner there, but soon he became a general manager at an Ukrainian subsidiary and after he got promoted to be a general manager at a German subsidiary. He achieved his first big successes there and gained reputation in his profession. After 2 years he switched to the Ukrainean subsidiary of Kà ¶nigsbrau, a beer amnufacturer, as managing director. There he also made success by increasing the subsidiary’s earnings to â‚ ¬7 million per year. He made significant changes through restructuring the marketing strategy and hiring new top-management group. The top-management in Munich was also impressed by his activity. Recently, Keller spent two month in Brazil to manage a start-up joint venture. Kà ¶nigsbrau’s Ukrainean subsidiary was founded 12 years before Kà ¶nigsburg aquired it. After, a man named Vladimir Antonov took the title of chaiman. Keller could get his job, because his predecessor had bad relationship with Antonov, so he was transfered back to Germany. Keller’s relationship with Antonov is good, but Antonov misses being involved into daily operations. The strategy of the company is to consolidate and strenghten the company’s distributors by offering heavy support. The strategy also includes heavy advertising, quality services and high margins. In the Ukrainian liqueur market personal relationships and trust between the company and distributors is essential. Another challange is converting people from vodka and cheap beers towards premium beers. Keller’s intention was to strenhgten relationships and create personal contacts with the distributors. Dimitri Brodsky is 10 years older than Keller and he has a very different personality. He is a cultivated and intellectual person. Before this firm he was a commercial director at a Ukrainian subsidiary of a US toiletries firm, but he also has experience from the United States and France. He was hired to balance the young  managers at Kà ¶nigsbrau. He has a good but distant relationship with Antonov. The problem between Brodsky and Keller is the very different uptake about how to handle the employees and the business partners. Keller prefers closer relationship with the employees, because he thinks this helps them to be more loyal and enthusiastic. Furthermore, he doens’t avoid personal topics. With the costumers and partners he encourages the same attitude, because he thinks it’s very important and essential for a business relationship. Brodsky, on the contrary, prefers formality and distance. He also beleives in separation between the pesonal and professional life and he deals with the employees and costumers this way. The source of problem between h im and Keller is this different attitude. Keller thinks that Brodsky is just reluctant to take care of everyday business. However, Keller seems inpatient and action-oriented from Brodsky’s angle.

Development of Artificial Sweat Experiment

Development of Artificial Sweat Experiment 3.0 Literature Review : 3.1 Biosensor The terminology for biosensor is usually used for equipment or devices used to monitor the metabolic system or element of biomocules. In addition, the particular term used, is referring to a sensor that uses a biological element, such as enzymes, antibodies, DNA, microorganisms or cell. Besides that, based on the IUPAC,it state that biosensor is an integrated equipment that have the capability to give a good analytical data and information in terms of qualitative and quantitative by using the element of biological recognition that interact with the transducer. Figure 1.1 and 1.2 show the schematic diagram. Gambar Rajah dalam buku 3.1.1 Structural Component of Biodetection The partition in a biosensor that can operate with optimum condition consists of 3 components which are, (a) Bio-recognition elements, where the biomolecules are being placed and integrated which normally known as the immobilization on the surface of sensor, (b) Transducer or Detector devices, where the electrochemical and optical transduction occurs, (c) Processing Signal. Gambar rajah dalam buku 3.1.2 Immobilization Bioreceptor In the development of biosensors, the bioreceptors or biomolecules are important in selectively and add with the sensitivity to certain analytes, to ensure that they need to be situated and connected with a transducer in order to achieve the effectiveness of the biosensor in detecting certain analyte. The immobilization bioreceptor’s techniques involves, Adsorption, Microencapsulation, Entrapment, Covalent Attachment and also Cross-Linking. (gambar rajah dalam buku) 3.1.3 Performance of Biosensor In the development of biosensors, things that should be emphasized is the operated performance of the biosensor in detecting analytes. The biosensor performance covers the aspects of the selectivity, sensitivity, accuracy, solution conditions, the â€Å"responds time† ( tr), the â€Å"delay time† (td) and also the â€Å"lifetimes†. 3.1.4 Application Related to Smart Wearable of Biosensor For Sweat Sensor There are various types of application in sensors that already applicable in the market, such as Smart Bra, Thick-film textile-based amperometic sensors and biosensors, Global Positioning System, Wireless Hands-free Communication, Smart Shirt and the most important sensor, is Smart Sensor that will be discussed in this research. (gambar smart patch) 3.2 Sweat Generally, we know that sweat is excreted by sweat glands while the other term in this review, define the term for human sweat as nonexercise-induced eccrine (thermoregulatory) sweat which is secreted by healthy person and but not focusing on the Apocrine. A person, body region, diet, season, degree of acclimation, activity level ,race ,gender ,and also the sampling techniques can give high possibility affect to the variety in the composition of sweat between an individual. (Buckley and Lewis, 1960; Shirreffs and Maughan, 1997; Patterson et al., 2000, 2002; Hayden et al., 2004; Morgan et al., 2004; Shirreffs and Maughan, 1997; Jacobi et al., 2005; Robinson and Robinson, 1954). 3.2.1 Composition of Sweat : Human sweat is composed of highly variable amounts of primary electrolytes, ionic constituents, organic acids and carbohydrates, amino acids, nitrogenous substances, and vitamins and miscellaneous constituents (Fig. 1). Sweat is 99.0–99.5% water and 0.5–1.0% solids (half inorganic and half organic), with specific gravity of 1.001– 1.008 (Robinson and Robinson, 1954; Rothman, 1954; Spector, 1956; Geigy, 1970, 1981; Altman and Dittmer, 1974; Agache and Candas, 2004). Nevertheless, this research report only focusing in the electrolyte, organic acids and carbohydrates and also pH. 3.2.1.1 Electrolytes In general, concentrations of electrolytes in sweat were highly changeable and can assume to be countless. The major constituents of electrolyte were Na and Cl, and the minority amounts were consists of Ca, K, and PO4 (Robinson and Robinson, 1954; Rothman, 1954).In addition, there was reported in a journal that stated, the concentrations of primary electrolytes in the 45 formulations of artificial SSFL which were generally within ranges for human sweat. Unfortunately, median value were not be equivalentl to human sweat.There was lot of formulations lacked of many of the electrolytes present in human sweat (Fig. 1a). In such a case, some are as minimal as a solution of Na and Cl ions (Chiba et al., 1997; Mawn et al., 2005) while there was also occurred among the 45 formulations of artificial SSFL, 7 lacked Na ,8 lacked Cl, 41 lacked Ca, 38 lacked K, 44 lacked Mg, 34 lacked PO4, and all lacked HCO3 (Table 1). 3.2.1.2 Organic acids and carbohydrates The summary in Fig. 1c was shown the measurement of the concentrations of organic acids and carbohydrates which was reported in human sweat. (Mickelsen and Keys, 1943; Robinson and Robinson, 1954; Rothman, 1954; Kuno, 1956; Spector, 1956; Elze and Oelsner, 1957b; Reed, 1969; Geigy, 1970, 1981; Altman and Dittmer, 1974; Kaiser et al., 1974; Stu ¨ttgen and Schaefer, 1974; Goldsmith, 1999; Guyton and Hall, 2000; Agache and Candas, 2004).However, Lactic acid was plentiful of these constituents and its average constitutes was 0.28% of sweat (Spector, 1956; Altman and Dittmer, 1974). Besides that, by reffering to the published Journal of SSFL, acidity of SSFL was due to the high concentrations of both lactic acid and pyruvic acid (Agache and Candas, 2004). The concentrations of organic acids and carbohydrates in 45 artificial SSFL formulations are also summarized in Fig. 1c. The concentration of lactic acid and glucose in artificial SSFL formulations were generally within ranges outlined for human SSFL. 3.2.1.3 pH The measurement of pH values for whole body are summarized in Table 2 (median = 5.3). Values of whole body sweat in Table 2, are from a very acidic pH 2.1 (Haudrechy et al., 1997) to an alkaline pH 8.2 (Altman and Dittmer, 1974). There was might be a variety of sweat pH during a period of sweating, either it become less acidic or more acidic (Robinson and Robinson, 1954) and by body region (Collins, 1957). In order to analyze the effects of alkaline sweat, an investigation had been done by using the pH greater than 7. (Jordinson, 1941; Collins, 1957; Brown et al., 1982; Emmett et al., 1988, 1994; Wainman et al., 1994; Schimper and Bechtold, 2005.Due to the various in sweat pH, many investigators have studied dissolution of a test article over a range of pH values (Gallay and Tapp, 1941; Collins, 1957; Brown et al., 1982; Hemingway and Molokhia, 1987). 3.2.2 Physiology of sweat There are two main types of sweat gland, apocrine and eccrine. Apocrine glands are the largest and they produce a viscous sweat containing lipids, cholesterol and steroids [12,13]. Eccrine glands operate almost the whole body and its amount between 2 and 4 million glands in adult skin. Thermoregulation is regulated by the eccrine sweat glands that helps in maintaining a constant body temperature, and hypothalamus become the centre in controlling the physiological sweat with normal rate of secretion ranging from 0.5 to 1mL/min. The characteristics of sweat is a clear hypotonic, and odourless fluid which consists of sodium, chloride, urea, lactate, organic and non-organic compounds [16]. The acidic nature of the excreted sweat is due to transportation and reabsorbing processes, which are relied on the physiological conditions that occur in the duct [17]. For instance, Patterson et al. has proven that the increased blood and sweat pH through the ingestion of sodium bicarbonate is caused by the induction of metabolic alkalosis. However, it is thought and assumed, this is because of the reduced sweat acidification in the reabsorbtive duct of the sweat glands. Furthermore, the relationship of sweat pH to sweat rate [9,15] and even for relationship of pH and sodium (Na+) levels in isolated sweat glands shown that they are directly proportional to each other. It is known that induce active sweating in human beings will give affect to the heat, mental stimuli, muscular exercise and carbon dioxide [20,21] as the sweating is continued to occur as long as the stimulation lasts and subsides quickly after it ends.. 3.2.3 Sweat collection and analysis The characteristics of sweat sampling and the special samples it requires deserve discussion separated from analysis that can be either different or similar to that in other biofluids. Nowadays, the purposes of sweat analysis are used even in optimizing the performance of athletes by studying the effects of dehydration but in the diagnosis of disease, detection of drug abuse, a method for testing deodorants .In addition, there are a lot of availability of different methods for the purposes of sweat collection and testing. However, the original method to test the components of sweat after exercise was revealed by using the whole bodywash down technique. Hence, all fluids lost during the aerobics are being stored for analysis [18].The following method was, sweat collection devices consisted of an occlusive bandage formed by one-to-three layers of filter paper, gauze or towel [5]. However, this kind of patch was time-consuming to apply, uncomfortably large, prone to detachment and yielded a small volume of sweat for analysis. In addition, it was found to alter the steady-state pH of the skin, the types of bacteria that colonize the skin and the transport characteristi cs of the skin, producing skin irritation [6]. To overcome these difficulties, non-occlusive sweat collection devices were developed, consisting of an adhesive layer on a thin transparent film of surgical dressing to which a absorbent pad and the overall being attached to the arm radial region. The transparent film just allow oxygen, water and carbon dioxide to pass through the patch, leaving healthy the underneath skin and prevents from the penetration of the non-volatile substances from the environment [5] .During wearing of the patch, sweat saturates the pad and slowly concentrates it, sweat components are retained, while water evaporates from the patch, thus misleading results of chloride concentration. Hence, its design does not allow to quantatize the concentrations of analytes in sweat, since the whole volume of secreted sweat is unknown. However, there is a commercial devices for sweat sampling are usually linked to subsequent determination of a given analyte by a dedicated instrument into which the sampler is inserted, as is the case with sweat collection for diagnosis of CF [10]. A recent, no validated sampler for a given application that circumvents sweat-volume related problems and fulfills the present trend to microdevices is a microstrip impregnated with a dye pH indicator [11]. A key aspect of sweat sampling is its noninvasive character, crucial in dealing with people such as hemophiliacs, blood sampling of whom is an either difficult or dangerous task. Sweat sampling can avoids risk of infections to patients who need daily analysis, rather than compared with urine, sweat sample preparation is less complex. Therefore, the use of sweat for commonly frequent analysis practices such as drug control in athletesis preferable. In short, sweat as clinical sample is almost free from impurities or interferents and sample preparation is simple and fast step is quite enough. The main limitations of sweat as clinical sample are the difficulty to produce enough sweat for analysis, sample evaporation, lack of appropriate sampling devices, need for a trained staff, and errors in the results owing to the presence of pilocarpine. In dealing with quantitative measurements, the main drawback is normalization of the sampled volume. Later on, the method has been discovered within the framework to produce results with a high coefficient of variation, which has lead to the development of sweat collection patches or capsules [22]. For instance, a disposable sweat collector developed by Brisson et al. that consisted of capsule created inside a flexible adhesive membrane pasted onto the skin [23]. After that, these collected samples are then stored at low temperatures for later analysis in a laboratory. Now, the pH of sweat can only be determined when the subject has already finished exercise and does not give any changes in the results which might occur between the beginning and end of an exercise session. Therefore, it can be validate that a real-time, wearable method of gathering and analysing sweat is preferable and in demand. Generally, this paper explains about the Development of Smart Patch with On-line Sweat Analysis .Besides that, artificial sweat has been chosen as it is an easily accessible fluid sample. The expected applications of this system for the personal health and sports performance and training. 3.2.3.1 Sweat analysis Sweating is naturally increased by nervousness, exercise, stress and nausea, and decreased by cold. Sweat excretion is also affected by other factors, such as ambient temperature, relative humidity, body location, hormonal imbalances, overactive thyroid gland and the sympathetic nervous system, and certain foods and medications A potential, general personal use of sweat is the recently developed smartphone application for in situ colorimetric detection, in prepared microchips, of pH changes in sweat correlated with chloride concentration and sweat rate which, during physical exercise, can indicate to users the proper time for hydratation [11]. 3.2.3 Artificial Sweat : 3.2.3.1 Historical of Artificial Sweat : The term artificial sweat is used throughout this review and encompasses historically used terms such as ‘‘artificial sweat,’’ ‘‘acidic artificial sweat,’’ ‘‘artificial perspiration,’’ ‘‘synthetic perspiration,’’ ‘‘synthetic sweat,’’ ‘‘sweat simulant,’’ and ‘‘simulated sweat.’’. 3.2.3.2 Benefits of a comprehensive artificial sweat Historical formulations of artificial sweat do not appear to have been characterized and often lacked many constituents present in human sweat. However, only four artificial formulations included more than one amino acid. No vitamins were included in any previous formulation of artificial sweat. Among all historical formulations, one of the most chemically comprehensive recipes was developed by Boman et al. (1983) but contains only select electrolytes, ionic constituents, organic acids, and amino acids. The novel formulation presented herein contains the known human sweat constituents at physiologically relevant levels which provides for a more accurate representation of human than previous artificial sweat models. Our novel artificial sweat formulation with composition that matches human is a chemically complex solvent. Preparation of this artificial sweat requires time and costs not associated with simpler formulations containing only the main constituents of sweat. However, caution must be used when excluding constituents. 3.2.3.3 Comparison to human sweat During formulation, we first balanced all ionic constituents and electrolytes except sodium and chloride. Additionally, concentrations of many human sweat constituents vary widely due to factors such as age, diet, season, degree of acclimation, and gender, making it difficult to design an artificial sweat solution that is universally valid. The artificial sweat formulation described in this paper is chemically more comprehensive than any of the 45 previously identified artificial sweat formulations and contains constituents that are nearly all present in concentrations that match median values in human sweat. However, in our review (Stefaniak and Harvey, 2006), we provided estimates of human sweat constituent concentration ranges, pH, and temperature variability that could be used to guide investigations of the relative importance of sweat factors on interactions with materials. In summary, our artificial sweat, represents a novel comprehensive artificial sweat at median constituent concentrations which equivalent to humans. (Stefaniak et al., in press),

The Castration of Eloisa in Popes Eloisa to Abelard :: Pope Eloisa to Abelard Essays

The Castration of Eloisa in Pope's Eloisa to Abelard If Pope's intent in writing an Ovidian heroic epistle is to show the entire range of his protagonist's emotions from meekness to violent passion, then he was wise to choose the twelfth-century story of Eloisa and Abelard as his subject. Eloisa and her teacher Abelard retired to different monasteries after her family discovered they were lovers and brutally castrated him. Years later, Eloisa by chance intercepted a letter from Abelard to a friend chronicling their love affair. The letter reawakened Eloisa's long repressed passion for Abelard, and she struggles to reconcile her sexual passion with her religious vows. As she has taken a vow of silence, the only mode of expression left to Eloisa is her emotion, which she often expresses by weeping. She tells Abelard in her mind: Tears still are mine, and those I need not spare, Love but demands what else were shed in pray'r; No happier task these faded eyes pursue, To read and weep is all they now can do. (lines 45-48) Eloisa thus lives in her mind, communicating mentally with God and now her former lover Abelard alternately. Pope's poem is his idea of what Eloisa would write to Abelard in a letter, albeit a letter whose writing would have spanned several years until her death. In his seminal 1969 article "The Escape from Body or the Embrace of Body," Murray Krieger states that "the poem represents at once a finished letter and a letter that, apparently finished, is actually in the stormy process of being written" (34). The richness of Pope's language juxtaposed with the rigidity of his couplet form have suggested to critics both the depth of Eloisa's emotion and the restraints placed on her by the Church and her vows. This juxtaposition has troubled some critics (including Krieger) as a mismatch. These critics argue that a writer in Eloisa's emotional state would produce writing that is much less polished and constrained than Pope's perfect couplets. In fact, that Pope records Eloisa's emotional l anguage in the confining couplet verse structure is precisely what Krieger calls the poem's failure. I propose that Pope intended Eloisa's emotional outbursts to strain against his own exacting poetic form. I believe Pope constricts Eloisa's florid language within the couplet in order to emphasize the severity of the imprisonment she suffers in the monastery. Further, I would argue that Eloisa's imprisonment in a monastery, combined with the vow of silence and marriage to the Church required of her as part of her religious confinement, is a symbolic act of

Options for Financing the Purchase of a Website :: Sell Websites Buy Websites

Options for Financing the Purchase of a Website Reprinted with permission of VotanWeb.com Financing a website purchase, or getting cash for a down payment can take many forms. Hopefully the options listed below will give you some ideas where you can find the money to buy a website! Credit Cards - many buyers these days are tapping their credit cards for their down payment to buy a website. The downside of this option is that if you are getting an SBA loan to buy a website, they won’t let you use â€Å"a credit card/loan – borrowed money† for the down payment. Other than that this option works for many since there is no waiting for the money or cumbersome approval process. SBA Loans – Many websites today are purchased with 7(a) SBA loans. There are conditions however in getting one to buy a website. You still have to put down between 15%-30% depending on the lender, you must have good or excellent credit, and the website has to have sufficient cash flow to support the debt service of the loan. The loans are typically 10 years in duration and 2-3 points above the prime interest rate. The process of getting an SBA loan to buy a website can be a tedious one and can take one month to six months to complete/fund. Home Equity – With home equity growing rapidly, many buyers utilize these funds to either buy a website or utilize it for a down payment. Lenders are eager to give out home equity loans. Loans can usually be secured rather rapidly, but plan ahead and move quickly so you don’t miss out on any great websites that come out on the market for sale. Owner Financing – This form of financing is only applicable we=hen you have a willing website owner. Usually the buyer will put down 40 to 60% (utilizing one of the methods above), and the owner will carry back a note for a duration of usually two to five years. Interest rates vary but they usually will be higher than banks or commercial resources. Sometime there will be â€Å"combo† financing with the owner taking back a partial note and the rest of the financing will come from the above resources. Retirement Plans – Many buyers have built up sizeable amounts in their work 401(k) plans. There is a way to tap this money tax free – put it into a â€Å"special trust† that then buys the website for you.

Biotech Ethics and Advancement Essay

Biotechnology: Of Ethics and Advancement Thousands of years ago, early man, like the rest of earth’s fauna and flora, was at the mercy of the elements; we relied on nature’s gratitude when it came to finding food and survival. As Charles Darwin would say, only the fittest could survive Mother Nature’s test. Eventually, however, a fully-evolved man turned the tide of the competition; we began to domesticate the once savage beasts we hunted and competed with like wolves and horses turning them into livestock and our own companions bred out of their natural ferocity, to grow our own food for our own and tart agriculture, and eventually we started to settle down into permanent communities. Man had transcended nature when the first steps of human civilization began to grow. Since then, man had crafted its own grand design for himself; the discovery of metals like Bronze and Iron, to the Pyramids of Egypt and Cities of Rome, and the rest, as they say, Is modern history. In the Modern world, we still have that said control, and with It we have now intrinsically used our knowledge to design nature herself In our Ideal Image. Technological Advancements have allowed us wield it as we pleasure. We can now edit Mother Nature’s work and remake It anew through our vast Interference with the body that is Science. The presence of GMOs (Genetically Modified Organisms), Dolly and all her Cloned brethren, and Real life Cyborg-Animals are Just samples of what weVe done to her. Eventually, because of this, someone Just had to say It: â€Å"When will it be too much? When will we know when weVe gone too far? † That Is where Ethics falls in, our man-made balance of whether or not, In the most basic sense, what we do Is right or wrong. Ethics has long been a question of how much more we can do to these once â€Å"all natural† things and make them â€Å"artificially enhanced. When can we truly say that we, the â€Å"masters† have abused our power? One cannot mistake, however, that human alteration of natural things Is only a recent occurrence. Like I said, since the earliest ages of man we already tampered with nature as we sought. We turned once vlclous and wild wolves, through our process of selectively breeding the weaker ones, Into the loyal and lovable K9 friends we have today minus the genes of aggression. Pavlov strapped down dogs to make psychological breakthroughs In condltlonlng. World War 2 scientists strapped bombs to dogs, dolphins, and even bats to assist them In fighting the enemy. Indeed, this tinkering of human hands has always been there. It now falls onto us people of today to see If things can still be set as Is. How much more can we do for our species’ own satisfaction? The Ethical question must always be present whenever we trod upon something as sensltlve as the condltlon of llvlng things. Animals, Ilke any other llvlng being, have xtremes in straining those rights to our needs. The uncertainty of Science itself shows that we cannot always control what happens to them come experiment time. The fear of abusing these innocent creatures is always on the minds of the very ethical/moral such as Animal Rights groups and such. Modern Genetics and Technology have sometimes crossed lines for the sake of advancement, such as taking away a creature’s autonomy to turn them into â€Å"natural robots. † If this is truly how far Advancement has gone into sacrificing Life’s basic rules, then these righteous† people really do have a reason to riot and protest.

Gen200 Personal Responsibility Essay

Personal Responsibility The pathway to successful future begins with taking a close look at the ability to commit and be accountable for all actions even when no one is looking. Making the right decision and understanding that there will be challenges along the way can definitely prepare the body and mind to readily face them head on. The personal responsibility of an individual plays an important role to reach the ultimate goal to be successful. Personal responsibility pertains to our ability to discipline ourselves as well as taking a responsible approach and ownership on our career, education, family and most of all our actions.I believe that personal responsibility is vital to academic achievement of an individual because it can exercise self-efficacy, helps to recognize problems easily and manages time effectively to achieve success and happiness. There are many other factors in life that are struck by the effects of personal responsibility, but only a few are highly significant and usually kicks off the rest of the constructive effects. Establishing a relationship between personal responsibility and academic endeavor is very significant because it forms a ground rule to move forward and accept the reality of a decision made and what is destined to happen.Receiving an education is a choice, therefore it is our personal responsibility to make sure that we can meet the academic demand require. A strong sense of self-efficacy supports that responsibility because it can somehow motivate us to move on and challenge our way to academic success because we believe in our ability to reach our goal. Self-efficacy is an individual‘s perceived capabilities to attain designated types of performances and to achieve specific results (Pajares, 1996; Tella & Ayeni, 2006).When we accept responsibility for our own actions we can easily recognize and overcome the tests that are bound to happen along the way. Our positive outlook strengthens our confidence and definitely boosts our self-worth because it encourages us to be more responsible. We have to be careful however on instilling boosts of high expectations or beliefs, the effects can be very disappointing when it is not fully realized. The focus should be on realistic capabilities and potentials so that we can appreciate success in terms of self-development rather than achievements (Bandura, A 1994).Acknowledging responsibility helps to take control of daily life. Another factor that needs a great sense of responsibility is time management. Overwhelming schedule managing education, career, household and other activities can definitely put a person in a bind if schedule is not well planned. When there is a set objective and commitment to achieve that goal, a clear sense of direction in life must be established as well. Setting preliminary goal as well as short and long term goal can definitely put some perspective to how an individual wants to accomplish that objective.With that in mind, time m anagement will be effortless knowing what can be done now and what to accomplish later. A permit for any adjustments on any unforeseen challenges can be detected and easily resolve because commitment and responsibility makes a stand to face any setback and move on to continue the raise to success. A person can manage time effectively because of accountability and the will to accept responsibility for any actions, knowing that there will be consequences. So in order for me to be successful in every aspect of my life, I need to manage time effectively.Well managed time sees the possibilities of new opportunities and helps you create want you want in future. Here is my preliminary plan for this school year: Preliminary plan: 1. Set my short and long term goal. 2. Read on my syllabus and take note of important projects and due dates 3. Prioritize and organize my schedule according to my work and scheduled assignments and required readings. 4. Schedule time to be online and work on DQâ⠂¬â„¢s and assignments. 5. Schedule learning team discussion and assignments In keeping personal responsibility intact and focused, there is no doubt that challenges are bound to happen.Successful status academically, professionally and life in general will always present extreme encounters along the way, testing how strong the concentration and motivation devoted to the goal. Another important factor why responsibility is essential in daily academic life is learning to recognize challenges. Any challenges does not have to set us back, perhaps they should motivate us to be more proactive and ready to face these challenges head on. The quicker any problem is resolve, the quicker to move on and refocus on all the academic requirements and accomplish them right away.As we anticipate and accept that there will be hurdles then we can easily adjust to the situation and find a reasonable resolution. In order to race to academic success, I must remain motivated and focus on the big picture all the way through finish line and graduate. With a sensible practice of personal responsibility I believe I can tackle the duties to achieve my objectives. Establishing a relationship between personal responsibility and academic endeavor is very significant because it forms a ground rule to move forward and accept the reality of a decision made and what is destined to happen.Having the freedom to make the choices, plans and organize to be successful academically gives me the power to do what is right and accept any failures and easily move on with an effective strategy that will lead me to the ultimate goal to successfully graduate. References Pajares, F. (1996). Self efficacy beliefs in academic settings. Review of Educational Research Tella, A. , & Ayeni, C. O. (2006). The impact of self-efficacy and prior computer experience on the creativity of new librarians in South West, Nigeria. Library Philosophy and Practice , 8 (2). Bandura, A. (1994). Self-efficacy. In V.S. Ramachaudra n (Ed. Annotated Bibliography Pajares, F. (1996). Self efficacy beliefs in academic settings. Review of Educational Research The article aims to examine self-efficacy and findings made by Bandura’s (1986) in study of self-motivation and taking control of academic aspirations. The summary of discoveries in the relationship of self-efficacy and academic performances which validates measures that match up with personal responsibility. Tella, A. , & Ayeni, C. O. (2006). The impact of self-efficacy and prior computer experience on the creativity of new librarians in South West, Nigeria.Library Philosophy and Practice , 8 (2). This is good resource regarding the study on the impact of self-efficacy prior to computer experience of librarians from Nigeria. The study involves a number of new librarians that are independent and dependent variables. The outcome of the study presented that self-efficacy and computer experience has a major impact on creativity. Bandura, A. (1994). Self-ef ficacy. In V. S. Ramachaudran (Ed. ), Encyclopedia of human behavior (Vol. 4, pp. 71-81). New York: Academic Press. (Reprinted in H. Friedman [Ed. ], Encyclopedia of mental health.San Diego: Academic Press, 1998). This a great reference regarding self-efficacy beliefs and processes regulating emotional states and reactions. Talks about level of motivation reflected in choices and actions. The discussions on the use of influences over a person’s own impulse, thoughts and emotional situations as well as performance on given task. Insights on the development and exercise of self-efficacy over the lifespan. http://www. schoolsucks. com/paper/Academic-Personal-Responsibility/16640. html http://www. des. emory. edu/mfp/BanEncy. html http://www. des. emory. edu/mfp/PajaresSE1996. html